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[docs] Add First Pull Request guide and Getting Started guide. 
This improves upon the existing documentation to provide a clearer end-to-end
workflow for new contributors and people who wish to build the toolchain
locally but do not intend to submit patches.

We also provide more directions for systematically utilizing our existing
documentation.
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@varungandhi-apple
varungandhi-apple committed Sep 9, 2020
1 parent 9b01139 commit 3fe3500d98034504ddb493a406b736d5027258d2
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1 Brewfile
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brew "cmake"
brew "ninja"
brew "sccache"
270 README.md
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@@ -50,14 +50,9 @@ To learn more about the programming language, visit [swift.org](https://swift.or

- [Contributing to Swift](#contributing-to-swift)
- [Getting Started](#getting-started)
- [System Requirements](#system-requirements)
- [Getting Sources for Swift and Related Projects](#getting-sources-for-swift-and-related-projects)
- [Building Swift](#building-swift)
- [Swift Toolchains](#swift-toolchains)
- [Build Failures](#build-failures)
- [Testing Swift](#testing-swift)
- [Learning More](#learning-more)
- [Build Dependencies](#build-dependencies)

## Contributing to Swift

@@ -77,206 +72,15 @@ well. For more, see the [Code of Conduct](https://swift.org/community/#code-of-c

## Getting Started

These instructions give the most direct path to a working Swift development
environment. To build from source you will need about 2 GB of disk space for the
source code and up to 70 GB of disk space for the build artifacts with full
debugging. Depending on your machine, a clean build can take a few minutes to
several hours. Naturally, incremental builds are much faster.
If you are interested in:
- Contributing fixes and features to the compiler: See our
[How to Submit Your First Pull Request guide](/docs/HowToGuides/FirstPullRequest.md).
- Building the compiler as a one-off: See our [Getting Started guide][].
- Building a toolchain as a one-off: Follow the [Getting Started guide][]
up until the "Building the project" section. After that, follow the
instructions in the [Swift Toolchains](#swift-toolchains) section below.

Once you are able to build things successfully and have a compile-test-debug
loop going, check out the [development tips](docs/DevelopmentTips.md) for
better productivity while working on the compiler.

You can also skim [docs/README.md](/docs/README.md) to understand what
high-level documentation is available.

### System Requirements

macOS, Ubuntu Linux LTS, and the latest Ubuntu Linux release are currently
supported as host development operating systems.

Please make sure you use Python 2.x. Python 3.x is not supported currently.

#### macOS

To build for macOS, you need [Xcode 12 beta 3](https://developer.apple.com/xcode/resources/).
The required version of Xcode changes frequently, and is often a beta release.
Check this document or the host information on <https://ci.swift.org> for the
current required version.

Swift's build tooling is meant to support spaces in the paths passed to them,
but using spaces sometimes tickles bugs in Swift's build scripts or the tools
they rely on. For example, [SR-13441](https://bugs.swift.org/browse/SR-13441)
is caused by a space in the Xcode path used on macOS. If you see Swift's build
tooling misbehave due to a space in a path, please
[report the bug on the Swift bug tracker](https://swift.org/contributing/#reporting-bugs)
and then change the path to work around it.

You will also need [CMake](https://cmake.org) and [Ninja](https://ninja-build.org),
which can be installed via a package manager:

**[Homebrew](https://brew.sh/)**

brew install cmake ninja

You can also use [homebrew-bundle](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-bundle)
from the root of this repository's working directory to install all of these
dependencies:

brew bundle

**[MacPorts](https://macports.org)**

sudo port install cmake ninja

Instructions for installing CMake and Ninja directly can be found [below](#build-dependencies).

#### Linux

For Ubuntu, you'll need the following development dependencies:

```
sudo apt-get install \
clang \
cmake \
git \
icu-devtools \
libcurl4-openssl-dev \
libedit-dev \
libicu-dev \
libncurses5-dev \
libpython-dev \
libsqlite3-dev \
libxml2-dev \
ninja-build \
pkg-config \
python \
python-six \
rsync \
swig \
systemtap-sdt-dev \
tzdata \
uuid-dev
```

**Note:** LLDB currently requires at least `swig-1.3.40` but will successfully build
with version 2 shipped with Ubuntu.

**Note:** For Ubuntu 20.04, use `libpython2-dev` in place of the libpython-dev package above.

### Getting Sources for Swift and Related Projects

First create a directory for all of the Swift sources:

mkdir swift-source
cd swift-source

**Note:** This is important since update-checkout (see below) checks out
repositories next to the Swift source directory. This means that if one clones
Swift and has other unrelated repositories, update-checkout may not clone those
repositories and will update them instead. Be aware that `update-checkout`
currently does not support paths with non-ASCII characters. If such characters
are present in the path to `swift-source`, `update-checkout` will fail.

**Via HTTPS** For those checking out sources as read-only, HTTPS works best:

git clone https://github.com/apple/swift.git
./swift/utils/update-checkout --clone

**Via SSH** For those who plan on regularly making direct commits,
cloning over SSH may provide a better experience (which requires
[uploading SSH keys to GitHub](https://help.github.com/articles/adding-a-new-ssh-key-to-your-github-account/)):

git clone git@github.com:apple/swift.git
./swift/utils/update-checkout --clone-with-ssh

### Building Swift

The `build-script` is a high-level build automation script that supports basic
options such as building a Swift-compatible LLDB, building the Swift Package
Manager, building for various platforms, running tests after builds, and more.

There are two primary build systems to use: Xcode and Ninja. The Xcode build
system allows you to work in Xcode, but Ninja is a bit faster and supports
more environments.

First, make sure that you're in the swift directory:

cd swift

To build using Ninja, run:

utils/build-script --release-debuginfo

When developing Swift, it helps to build what you're working on in a debug
configuration while building the rest of the project with optimizations. Below
are some examples of using debug variants:

utils/build-script --release-debuginfo --debug-swift # Swift frontend built in debug
utils/build-script --release-debuginfo --debug-swift-stdlib # Standard library built in debug
utils/build-script --release-debuginfo --debug-swift --force-optimized-typechecker # Swift frontend sans type checker built in debug

Limiting the amount of debug code in the compiler has a very large impact on
Swift compile times, and in turn the test execution time. If you want to build
the entire project in debug, you can run:

utils/build-script --debug

For documentation of all available arguments, as well as additional usage
information, see the inline help:

utils/build-script -h

#### Xcode

To build using Xcode, specify the `--xcode` argument on any of the above commands.
Xcode can be used to edit the Swift source code, but it is not currently
fully supported as a build environment for SDKs other than macOS. The generated
Xcode project does not integrate with the test runner, but the tests can be run
with the 'check-swift' target.

#### Build Products

All of the build products are placed in `swift-source/build/${TOOL}-${MODE}/${PRODUCT}-${PLATFORM}/`.
If macOS Swift with Ninja in DebugAssert mode was built, all of the products
would be in `swift-source/build/Ninja-DebugAssert/swift-macosx-x86_64/`. It
helps to save this directory as an environment variable for future use.

export SWIFT_BUILD_DIR="~/swift-source/build/Ninja-DebugAssert/swift-macosx-x86_64"

#### Ninja

Once the first build has completed, Ninja can perform fast incremental builds of
various products. These incremental builds are a big timesaver when developing
and debugging.

cd ${SWIFT_BUILD_DIR}
ninja swift-frontend

This will build the Swift compiler, but will not rebuild the standard library or
any other target. Building the `swift-stdlib` target as an additional layer of
testing from time to time is also a good idea. To build just the standard
library, run:

ninja swift-stdlib

It is always a good idea to do a full build after using `update-checkout`.

#### Using Xcode

To open the Swift project in Xcode, open `${SWIFT_BUILD_DIR}/Swift.xcodeproj`.
It will auto-create a *lot* of schemes for all of the available targets. A
common debug flow would involve:

- Select the 'swift-frontend' scheme.
- Pull up the scheme editor (⌘⇧<).
- Select the 'Arguments' tab and click the '+'.
- Add the command line options.
- Close the scheme editor.
- Build and run.

Another option is to change the scheme to "Wait for executable to be launched",
then run the build product in Terminal.
[Getting Started guide]: /docs/HowToGuides/GettingStarted.md

### Swift Toolchains

@@ -335,26 +139,24 @@ compiler crashes.

### Build Failures

Make sure you are using the [correct release](#macos) of Xcode.
Try the suggestions in
[Troubleshooting build issues](/docs/HowToGuides/GettingStarted.md#troubleshooting-build-issues).

Make sure you are using the
[correct release](/docs/HowToGuides/GettingStared.md#installing-dependencies)
of Xcode.

If you have changed Xcode versions but still encounter errors that appear to
be related to the Xcode version, try passing `--clean` to `build-script`.

When a new version of Xcode is released, you can update your build without
recompiling the entire project by passing the `--reconfigure` option.

Make sure all repositories are up to date with the `update-checkout` command
described above.

## Testing Swift

See [docs/Testing.md](docs/Testing.md), in particular the section on [lit.py](docs/Testing.md#using-litpy).

## Learning More

Be sure to look through the [docs](https://github.com/apple/swift/tree/master/docs)
directory for more information about the compiler. In particular, the documents
titled [Debugging the Swift Compiler](docs/DebuggingTheCompiler.md) and
Be sure to look at the [documentation index](/docs/README.md) for a bird's eye
view of the available documentation. In particular, the documents titled
[Debugging the Swift Compiler](docs/DebuggingTheCompiler.md) and
[Continuous Integration for Swift](docs/ContinuousIntegration.md) are very
helpful to understand before submitting your first PR.

@@ -378,41 +180,3 @@ Another source of documentation is the standard library itself, located in
`stdlib`. Much of the language is actually implemented in the library
(including `Int`), and the standard library gives some examples of what can be
expressed today.

## Build Dependencies

### CMake
[CMake](https://cmake.org) is the core infrastructure used to configure builds of
Swift and its companion projects; at least version 3.16.5 is required.

On macOS, you can download the [CMake Binary Distribution](https://cmake.org/download),
bundled as an application, copy it to `/Applications`, and add the embedded
command line tools to your `PATH`:

export PATH=/Applications/CMake.app/Contents/bin:$PATH

On Linux, if you have not already installed Swift's [development
dependencies](#linux), you can download and install the CMake
package separately using the following command:

sudo apt-get install cmake


### Ninja
[Ninja](https://ninja-build.org) is the current recommended build system
for building Swift and is the default configuration generated by CMake. [Pre-built
packages](https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja/wiki/Pre-built-Ninja-packages)
are available for macOS and Linux distributions. You can also clone Ninja
next to the other projects and it will be bootstrapped automatically:

**Via HTTPS**

git clone https://github.com/ninja-build/ninja.git && cd ninja
git checkout release
cat README

**Via SSH**

git clone git@github.com:ninja-build/ninja.git && cd ninja
git checkout release
cat README
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